Sheikh Hasina: A Comprehensive Analysis of Her Leadership, Achievements, and Controversies

Introduction

Brief Introduction to Sheikh Hasina

Sheikh Hasina Wazed is a prominent figure in Bangladeshi politics, having served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh for over two decades, making her the longest-serving Prime Minister in the country’s history. Born into a politically significant family, she is the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father and first president of Bangladesh. Her political journey, marked by resilience and a deep commitment to her country, has seen her rise as a central figure in shaping modern Bangladesh. Despite facing numerous challenges, including political unrest, imprisonment, and controversies, Sheikh Hasina has maintained her position as a key leader on both the national and international stages.

Role in Bangladesh’s History and Development

Sheikh Hasina’s role in Bangladesh’s history is deeply intertwined with the nation’s journey towards stability and development. Under her leadership, Bangladesh has witnessed significant economic growth, with efforts to reduce poverty and improve infrastructure. Her tenure has also been marked by controversial but decisive actions, including her handling of the Rohingya refugee crisis and her responses to political opposition. While her leadership has been criticized for issues such as democratic backsliding and human rights concerns, her impact on Bangladesh’s progress is undeniable.

Hasina’s contributions extend beyond economic reforms; she has played a crucial role in elevating Bangladesh’s position on the global stage. Her government’s policies have focused on fostering economic ties, particularly with neighboring countries like India, though this has also drawn criticism regarding Bangladesh’s sovereignty. Despite these challenges, her leadership has earned her recognition internationally, with listings among Time’s 100 most influential people and Forbes’ most powerful women.

Early Life and Background

Birth and Family Background

Sheikh Hasina Wazed was born on September 28, 1947, in the village of Tungipara in East Bengal, which was then part of British India and is now Bangladesh. She was born into the influential Sheikh family, deeply rooted in the socio-political fabric of Bengal. Her father, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, is revered as the founding father of Bangladesh, having played a pivotal role in the country’s struggle for independence. Her mother, Begum Fazilatunnesa Mujib, was known for her strong support of her husband’s political activities.

Hasina’s lineage carries a rich heritage, with ancestry tracing back to Iraqi Arab origins on both sides of her family. This connection to a lineage of Muslim preachers, particularly Sheikh Abdul Awal Darwish of Baghdad, who settled in Bengal during the late Mughal era, added a layer of religious and cultural significance to her upbringing.

Education and Early Influences

Sheikh Hasina’s early education began in her village, Tungipara, where she attended primary school. Her family later moved to Dhaka, where she continued her education at Azimpur Girls’ School and Begum Badrunnesa Girls’ College. Her academic journey culminated in a bachelor’s degree in Bengali literature from Dhaka University in 1973. During her time at university, Hasina was actively involved in student politics, becoming the Vice President of the Students Union at Eden College between 1966 and 1967.

Her involvement in the Students League, where she served as the general secretary of the women’s unit at Rokeya Hall, was an early indication of her burgeoning political consciousness. These experiences, coupled with the influence of her father’s political struggle, significantly shaped her worldview and commitment to public service.

Personal Life

In 1968, Sheikh Hasina married M. A. Wazed Miah, a distinguished physicist who later became the chairman of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission. The couple had two children: a son, Sajeeb Wazed, who is a prominent ICT consultant and a political figure in his own right, and a daughter, Saima Wazed, a noted advocate for autism awareness. Despite the challenges of her political career, Hasina’s family has remained a source of strength for her, with her sister Sheikh Rehana playing a supportive role in her political endeavors.

The family has also faced significant dangers, with Hasina surviving 19 assassination attempts, including a deadly grenade attack in 2004 that left her with a permanent hearing impairment. In recognition of the ongoing threats against her life, the government of Bangladesh has provided lifelong protection for Hasina and her immediate family members. This extraordinary measure underscores the high security risks faced by the Sheikh family due to their prominent role in Bangladesh’s political history.

Connection to Bangladesh’s Liberation Struggle

Sheikh Hasina’s connection to Bangladesh’s liberation struggle is deeply personal and intertwined with her family’s legacy. Growing up in a household where her father was frequently imprisoned for his political activities, she was acutely aware of the sacrifices required in the fight for independence. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s leadership in the struggle against Pakistani rule and his vision for an independent Bangladesh profoundly influenced Hasina.

The tragic assassination of her father and most of her family members during the coup d’état on August 15, 1975, marked a turning point in her life. At the time of the assassination, Hasina, her husband, and her sister Sheikh Rehana were abroad, which saved their lives. This brutal event not only deepened her resolve but also propelled her into the forefront of Bangladeshi politics, where she would carry forward her father’s legacy.

Political Journey of Sheikh Hasina

Entry into Politics: Challenges and Motivations

Sheikh Hasina’s entry into politics was both a continuation of her family’s legacy and a personal journey shaped by tragedy and determination. After the assassination of her father, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and most of her family in the 1975 coup, Hasina was thrust into a position of leadership. Living in exile in India, she was elected President of the Awami League (AL) in 1981, a party with deep historical roots in Bangladesh’s struggle for independence.

The decision to lead the AL was driven by her commitment to her father’s vision for Bangladesh and the desire to restore democratic governance in a country that had been plunged into military rule. Despite the emotional toll of her family’s loss, Hasina took on the daunting challenge of revitalizing a party that had lost much of its leadership and support.

Leadership in the Awami League

As the President of the Awami League, Sheikh Hasina faced immense challenges in re-establishing the party as a formidable political force. The AL, described as a “left-of-center” party, had been weakened by years of repression and the loss of key leaders. Under her leadership, the party began to rebuild its organizational structure and regain its influence.

Hasina’s decision to participate in the 1986 general elections, held under martial law, was controversial. Many opposition groups boycotted the election, deeming it illegitimate. However, Hasina used the election as a platform to challenge the autocratic rule of President Hussain Muhammad Ershad. Her participation, although criticized, allowed the AL to take a stand in the political arena, positioning it as the main opposition force against the military regime.

Struggles During the Military Rule in Bangladesh

Throughout the 1980s, Sheikh Hasina’s political journey was marked by constant struggles against military rule. She was frequently detained, placed under house arrest, and faced severe restrictions on her political activities. Despite these challenges, Hasina remained resolute in her opposition to Ershad’s regime. She led an eight-party alliance, including the AL, that actively opposed Ershad’s government.

Her leadership during this period was characterized by her ability to mobilize public opinion and sustain pressure on the military government. The situation reached a critical point in late 1987, when mass protests erupted in Dhaka, leading to violent clashes with the government. The sacrifice of activists like Noor Hossain, an Awami League supporter who was killed during the protests, became a symbol of the resistance against military rule. These efforts eventually contributed to the erosion of Ershad’s power.

Role in Restoring Democracy

Sheikh Hasina played a crucial role in restoring democracy to Bangladesh. In collaboration with Khaleda Zia, leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Hasina worked tirelessly to unite opposition forces against Ershad’s autocratic rule. The mass protests and strikes they organized in the late 1980s paralyzed the government and ultimately led to Ershad’s resignation in December 1990. The caretaker government that followed, led by Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed, organized free and fair elections in 1991. Although the BNP won a majority, and Hasina’s Awami League became the largest opposition party, her efforts were instrumental in transitioning Bangladesh back to democratic governance.

Hasina’s experience during the 1991 election, where she contested in three constituencies but won only one, showcased her resilience. Despite the setbacks, she continued to lead the AL, focusing on strengthening the party and advocating for electoral reforms. The 1994 Magura-2 by-election, marred by alleged rigging and manipulation by the BNP, further motivated Hasina to challenge the electoral process. She led the AL in boycotting the parliament, signaling a turning point in Bangladesh’s political landscape and setting the stage for future battles over the country’s democratic integrity.

First Term as Prime Minister (1996-2001)

Major Achievements and Initiatives

Sheikh Hasina’s first term as Prime Minister from 1996 to 2001 was marked by several landmark achievements that had a lasting impact on Bangladesh. One of the most notable accomplishments was the signing of the 30-year Ganges Water Sharing Treaty with India, a significant diplomatic success that addressed a long-standing issue between the two countries. Another historic achievement was the repeal of the Indemnity Act, which had granted immunity to the assassins of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, her father, and the founding leader of Bangladesh. This move was pivotal in seeking justice for one of the nation’s darkest chapters.

Her administration also made significant strides in ending the insurgency in the Chittagong Hill Tracts by signing the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord in 1997, for which she received the UNESCO Peace Prize. Additionally, the completion of the Bangabandhu Bridge in 1998, one of the largest infrastructure projects in the country, was a major milestone that enhanced connectivity and boosted economic activity.

Economic Reforms and Social Policies

During her first term, Sheikh Hasina’s government implemented a series of economic reforms aimed at liberalizing the economy and encouraging private sector growth. The introduction of the New Industrial Policy (NIP) in 1999 was a key initiative that sought to strengthen the private sector, attract foreign direct investment, and promote industrialization. The NIP opened up nearly all sectors of the economy to private investment, allowing foreign investors to own 100% equity in Bangladeshi enterprises without prior government approval.

Under her leadership, Bangladesh achieved an average GDP growth rate of 5.5%, with inflation rates remaining relatively low at 5%, compared to higher inflation rates in other developing countries. Her government’s emphasis on poverty alleviation was reflected in the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002), which focused on providing credit and training to unemployed youth and women, boosting food grain production, and reducing the poverty rate. Social policies such as the introduction of an allowance scheme for the elderly, widows, and distressed women, as well as the establishment of a Housing Fund and the Ashrayan-1 Project for the homeless, further demonstrated her commitment to social welfare.

Challenges Faced During the First Term

Despite the achievements, Sheikh Hasina’s first term as Prime Minister was not without challenges. The political landscape was highly polarized, with the opposition BNP frequently opposing government initiatives and questioning the legitimacy of the administration. The initial demand for elections under a neutral caretaker government led to a political crisis that culminated in the February 1996 election, which was boycotted by major opposition parties. Although a subsequent election in June 1996, held under a caretaker government, brought Hasina to power, the opposition continued to challenge her government, alleging vote rigging and manipulation.

Moreover, the economic reforms, while successful in many areas, faced criticism from various quarters. The liberalization of the telecommunications industry, though it ended the state monopoly and increased access to services, was met with resistance from those who feared the dominance of private companies over public interest.

Additionally, managing the insurgency in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and implementing the Peace Accord was a complex and delicate process that required careful navigation of ethnic tensions and demands from various groups. Her government also faced significant challenges in maintaining political stability, dealing with strikes, and addressing the demands of different social and political factions.

Despite these obstacles, Sheikh Hasina’s first term laid the groundwork for many of the reforms and policies that would shape Bangladesh’s future development. Her ability to navigate these challenges and her commitment to democratic governance earned her a place in the history of Bangladesh as a leader dedicated to the nation’s progress and stability.

Political Setbacks and Return to Power

The Political Turbulence Between 2001-2008

Sheikh Hasina’s political journey between 2001 and 2008 was marked by significant turbulence and challenges. After losing the 2001 general elections, she assumed the role of Leader of the Opposition. During this period, the Awami League (AL) often boycotted parliamentary sessions, leading to increased political instability. The situation escalated with the assassination attempt on Sheikh Hasina in August 2004, where a grenade attack on an AL rally in Dhaka killed 24 people, including key party members. The attack was later revealed to be part of a larger conspiracy involving high-ranking officials of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and intelligence agencies. This period also saw the tragic assassination of AL leader SAMS Kibria, further intensifying the political climate.

The political unrest continued with the Logi Boitha Movement in 2006, where AL supporters took to the streets in large numbers, leading to widespread violence and casualties. The situation deteriorated further in the lead-up to the 2007 elections. Amidst allegations of corruption and vote-rigging, the caretaker government, backed by the military, declared a state of emergency, postponed the elections, and banned political activities. During this period, Sheikh Hasina faced numerous legal challenges, including charges of extortion and murder, which many viewed as politically motivated attempts to sideline her and the AL from the political scene.

Return to Power in 2008: Election Campaign and Victory

Despite the setbacks, Sheikh Hasina’s resilience and strategic leadership paved the way for her return to power. In November 2008, after being released on parole for medical treatment, she returned to Bangladesh to lead the AL in the December 2008 general elections. The election campaign was centered around the party’s manifesto, “A Charter for Change,” which promised significant economic reforms, anti-corruption measures, and the vision of a “Digital Bangladesh” by 2021. Her call for justice for the 1971 war crimes and a commitment to good governance resonated with a populace weary of corruption and instability.

The election, held under a reformed electoral system, saw the AL-led Grand Alliance secure a landslide victory, winning 230 out of 299 seats in the parliament. This overwhelming mandate was seen as a rejection of the BNP’s rule and an endorsement of Hasina’s leadership. Observers declared the election to be free and fair, despite BNP’s allegations of manipulation. On January 6, 2009, Sheikh Hasina was sworn in as Prime Minister for her second term, marking a significant comeback in Bangladeshi politics.

Reforms and Policy Shifts After Returning to Power

Upon returning to power, Sheikh Hasina embarked on a series of reforms and policy shifts that aimed to transform Bangladesh’s socio-economic landscape. Her government prioritized economic development, social justice, and the strengthening of democratic institutions. One of the most notable initiatives was the implementation of Vision 2021, which sought to make Bangladesh a middle-income country by 2021. Under this vision, her government focused on increasing power generation, promoting digitalization, and enhancing the agricultural sector.

She also pushed for the trial of war criminals through the establishment of the International Crimes Tribunal, which sought to bring justice to those responsible for the atrocities during the 1971 Liberation War. This move, while controversial, was seen as a fulfillment of a long-standing demand for justice and was widely supported by the public.

Her administration also faced significant challenges, including the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) mutiny in 2009, where 56 army officers were killed. Despite criticism for her handling of the crisis, Hasina’s leadership during the mutiny was eventually commended for preventing further bloodshed. Additionally, her government’s decision to abolish the caretaker government system for conducting elections was a major policy shift that stirred controversy and opposition but was justified by the government as necessary to ensure continuity and stability.

Sheikh Hasina’s second term also saw her navigating international challenges, including tensions with Myanmar over the Rohingya refugee crisis and a coup attempt by Islamist extremists in 2012. Domestically, her government faced criticism for its handling of the Grameen Bank controversy involving Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus. Despite these challenges, Hasina’s government was credited for achieving several of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, particularly in areas of poverty reduction, education, and health.

Her ability to steer Bangladesh through these tumultuous years, coupled with her government’s focus on development and justice, solidified her position as one of the most influential leaders in the country’s history. The reforms and policy shifts implemented during this period laid the foundation for Bangladesh’s rapid economic growth and social progress in the years to come.

Transformative Leadership

Economic Growth and Development Under Her Leadership

Sheikh Hasina’s leadership has been pivotal in steering Bangladesh towards significant economic growth and development. During her third and fourth terms (2014–2024), Bangladesh witnessed robust economic performance, with an average GDP growth rate of around 6-7% annually. Despite global challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic, Bangladesh’s economy remained resilient, driven by the booming textile industry, increased foreign direct investment, and a growing service sector. Hasina’s government also focused on expanding infrastructure, enhancing agricultural productivity, and boosting exports, which collectively contributed to Bangladesh’s elevation to a lower-middle-income country as recognized by the World Bank in 2015.

Under her leadership, the government implemented various economic policies aimed at increasing financial inclusion, supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and improving the business environment. This period also saw a rise in remittances, which played a crucial role in bolstering the country’s foreign exchange reserves. By 2022, despite challenges such as rising external debt and irregularities in the banking sector, Bangladesh’s economic fundamentals remained strong, with the country continuing on its path toward achieving middle-income status by 2026.

Infrastructure Projects and Modernization Efforts

Hasina’s tenure is marked by ambitious infrastructure projects and modernization efforts that have transformed the nation’s landscape. One of the most significant projects was the construction of the Padma Bridge, which was completed in June 2022. This bridge, the longest in Bangladesh, has been a game-changer in terms of improving connectivity between the capital, Dhaka, and the underdeveloped southwestern regions, thereby boosting trade and economic activities.

In addition to the Padma Bridge, Hasina’s government has been instrumental in advancing the Dhaka Metro Rail project, with the first phase inaugurated in December 2022. The metro rail is the country’s first mass-rapid transit system and is expected to significantly reduce traffic congestion in the capital. Furthermore, the government has invested in upgrading the nation’s ports, including the Payra Port, and enhancing the road network to support better logistics and transportation across the country.

Hasina’s focus on energy infrastructure has also been critical, with significant investments in power generation projects, including the commissioning of Bangladesh’s first nuclear power plant at Rooppur. These initiatives are part of her broader vision to modernize Bangladesh and position it as a key player in the regional economy.

Focus on Education, Health, and Social Welfare

Sheikh Hasina has placed considerable emphasis on improving education, health, and social welfare, recognizing their importance in building a strong and inclusive society. Her government’s commitment to education is evident in the substantial increase in budget allocations for the sector, the expansion of primary and secondary education, and the establishment of new universities and technical institutions. The “Education for All” initiative has been a cornerstone of her administration, aiming to ensure universal access to quality education, especially for girls.

In the health sector, Hasina’s government has made strides in improving maternal and child healthcare, expanding immunization programs, and increasing access to healthcare services in rural areas. The introduction of the Universal Pension Scheme in 2022, which provides a monthly stipend to all citizens between 18 and 60 years old, reflects her administration’s commitment to social welfare and economic security for the elderly.

Moreover, her government’s response to the Rohingya refugee crisis in 2017, providing shelter and aid to nearly a million refugees, demonstrated her commitment to humanitarian principles. The support for the Rohingya refugees was widely praised internationally and showcased Bangladesh’s role as a responsible global actor under her leadership.

Digital Bangladesh: Vision and Implementation

The vision of “Digital Bangladesh” has been one of Sheikh Hasina’s most significant initiatives, aiming to transform the country into a digitally empowered society by 2021. This initiative has been focused on leveraging technology to enhance governance, education, healthcare, and economic activities. Under her leadership, the government has implemented widespread digitalization across various sectors, including the introduction of e-governance, digital payment systems, and online services that have made public services more accessible and efficient.

Hasina’s government also promoted the development of the ICT sector, leading to a burgeoning tech industry in Bangladesh. The establishment of high-tech parks, IT training centers, and incentives for tech startups have positioned Bangladesh as a growing hub for technology and innovation. Additionally, the push for digital literacy and internet penetration has empowered millions of Bangladeshis, particularly the youth, to participate in the global digital economy.

The government’s prompt implementation of digital technologies for contact tracing, remote education, and telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the significance of the Digital Bangladesh project and helped reduce the pandemic’s impact on people of the country.

Efforts in Poverty Alleviation and Women’s Empowerment

Poverty alleviation and women’s empowerment have been central to Sheikh Hasina’s development agenda. Under her leadership, poverty rates in Bangladesh have seen a significant decline, from around 31.5% in 2010 to 20.5% in 2019. This reduction is largely attributed to targeted social safety net programs, microfinance initiatives, and efforts to enhance agricultural productivity and rural development.

Hasina has also been a strong advocate for women’s rights and empowerment, recognizing that gender equality is crucial for sustainable development. Her government has implemented various programs aimed at increasing female participation in the workforce, ensuring girls’ access to education, and combating gender-based violence. The government’s focus on women’s empowerment is reflected in the increasing number of women in leadership positions across various sectors, including politics, business, and civil society.

Furthermore, initiatives like the National Women’s Development Policy and the establishment of special economic zones for women entrepreneurs have created opportunities for women to contribute significantly to the nation’s economy. Hasina’s commitment to gender equality has earned her recognition both domestically and internationally as a champion of women’s rights.

Through these transformative leadership efforts, Sheikh Hasina has not only reshaped Bangladesh’s socio-economic landscape but also positioned the country as a model of progress and resilience in the face of challenges.

International Relations and Diplomacy

Strengthening Bangladesh’s Position on the Global Stage

Under Sheikh Hasina’s leadership, Bangladesh has made significant strides in establishing a more prominent presence on the global stage. During her third and fourth terms, Hasina focused on strengthening Bangladesh’s international image through active participation in global forums and a commitment to international norms and humanitarian causes. Her government’s decision to provide refuge to nearly a million Rohingya refugees in 2017 garnered widespread international acclaim, positioning Bangladesh as a key player in regional and global humanitarian efforts.

Hasina’s government also played a crucial role in peacekeeping missions, with Bangladesh remaining one of the top contributors to United Nations peacekeeping forces. This commitment has not only enhanced Bangladesh’s global standing but also demonstrated the country’s dedication to global peace and security.

Key Diplomatic Achievements and Foreign Policy Strategies

Sheikh Hasina’s tenure has been marked by several key diplomatic achievements and a proactive foreign policy strategy that emphasizes regional cooperation, economic diplomacy, and multilateral engagement. One of her administration’s most notable diplomatic successes was the negotiation and eventual settlement of the maritime boundary disputes with India and Myanmar, which opened up new opportunities for Bangladesh in terms of resource exploration in the Bay of Bengal.

Her government also pursued a foreign policy focused on strengthening economic ties and attracting foreign investment. Hasina actively sought to diversify Bangladesh’s trade partners and reduce the country’s reliance on any single nation by fostering closer economic ties with emerging markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Additionally, Bangladesh’s involvement in regional organizations such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) further solidified its role in regional diplomacy.

Another key aspect of Hasina’s foreign policy was her government’s active engagement with global financial institutions, including securing a support package from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2023. This package was crucial in helping Bangladesh navigate economic challenges, particularly those arising from global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine conflict.

Relationships with Neighboring Countries

Maintaining and strengthening relationships with neighboring countries has been a cornerstone of Sheikh Hasina’s foreign policy. Her government placed particular emphasis on fostering strong ties with India, with whom Bangladesh shares deep historical, cultural, and economic bonds. Hasina’s leadership has seen a significant deepening of bilateral relations with India, particularly in areas such as trade, connectivity, and security cooperation. The regular bilateral meetings, including those at the highest levels, have resulted in agreements that enhance connectivity and economic integration between the two nations.

In addition to India, Hasina’s government has worked to improve relations with other neighboring countries, including China and Myanmar. Despite the complexities of the Rohingya crisis, Bangladesh has engaged diplomatically with Myanmar, urging it to take responsibility for the repatriation of the refugees. Bangladesh’s relationship with China has also strengthened, with China becoming one of the largest investors in the country’s infrastructure projects, such as the Padma Bridge.

Hasina’s diplomatic strategy has focused on balancing relationships with these major regional powers while maintaining Bangladesh’s sovereignty and ensuring that the country’s national interests are protected. Through her pragmatic approach to diplomacy, Hasina has successfully navigated the complex geopolitical landscape of South Asia, securing Bangladesh’s position as a key player in the region.

Fifth Term and Political Turmoil (2024)

Controversial Election and Initial Claims

In January 2024, Sheikh Hasina secured her fourth consecutive term as Prime Minister after her party, the Awami League, won 224 out of 300 parliamentary seats. The election, marked by low voter turnout, was boycotted by the main opposition parties, raising questions about its legitimacy. Following her victory, Hasina made a startling claim in May 2024, alleging that a “white country” was conspiring to overthrow her government. She suggested that this country had offered her a promise of trouble-free elections in exchange for allowing an airbase to be established in Bangladesh. Additionally, she hinted at a broader conspiracy to create a Christian state in Bangladesh, similar to the situations in East Timor and Myanmar.

Protests and Government Response

In July 2024, protests erupted across Bangladesh, primarily demanding reforms to the existing quota system. During a press conference, Hasina addressed these protests by questioning whether the quota benefits should be extended to the descendants of those who opposed Bangladesh’s independence, referring to them as “Razakars.” Her remarks were interpreted by the protesters as an accusation against them, which fueled the unrest further. The demonstrations escalated into violent confrontations involving police, the armed forces, and members of the Awami League and its affiliated groups. The clashes resulted in over 200 deaths and more than 20,000 injuries.

In response to the growing unrest, the government imposed a series of strict measures, including shutting down internet access for non-essential purposes, conducting widespread crackdowns on protesters, and enforcing a curfew that lasted five days. Despite the Supreme Court’s agreement to reform the quota system, the protesters intensified their demands, calling for justice for those killed during the protests and demanding an official apology from Hasina, along with the resignation of key ministers they held responsible for inciting violence. By August 3, the protest organizers had consolidated their demands into a single call for Hasina and her entire cabinet to step down, leading to the launch of a non-cooperation movement.

Resignation and Flight from Bangladesh

The escalating pressure from the protests culminated in Sheikh Hasina’s resignation on August 5, 2024. As large crowds of demonstrators surrounded her residence, her resignation was announced by the Chief of the Army Staff, Waker-uz-Zaman. Hasina’s departure from Bangladesh was chaotic; she initially fled by car, then by helicopter, and finally by plane, leaving the country without issuing a formal resignation letter or speech.

Hasina reportedly flew in a Bangladesh Air Force C-130 transport aircraft to Hindon Air Force base in Ghaziabad, India, where she was received by Indian National Security Advisor Ajit Doval and other senior officials. Indian Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar informed the Parliament that Hasina had requested to come to India on very short notice. Her son, Sajeeb Wazed, initially indicated that Hasina would not return to politics and planned to stay in Delhi temporarily before moving to another destination. However, on August 7, Wazed declared that both Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League would remain active in Bangladeshi politics and that she intended to return to the country once elections were declared.

Despite the chaotic circumstances of her departure, Wazed insisted that Hasina was still the Prime Minister, arguing that she had been forced to flee and was unable to formally submit her resignation. Hasina had reportedly considered seeking asylum in several countries, including the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Belarus, and Qatar. However, these plans did not materialize, and as of August 2024, she was residing in a secret location in India under tight security.

Allegations of Foreign Influence and Future Uncertainty

In the wake of her resignation, Sajeeb Wazed alleged that the protests which led to Hasina’s downfall had been supported by a foreign intelligence agency, though he did not specify which country he believed was involved. On August 11, a statement attributed to Hasina was published in the Indian media, accusing the United States of playing a role in her resignation. She had previously accused the U.S. of conspiring against her in the Bangladeshi parliament. However, Wazed quickly dismissed the statement as “false and fabricated,” asserting that Hasina had not made any public statements since leaving Bangladesh.

As of August 2024, Sheikh Hasina’s future remains uncertain, with her political fate and that of Bangladesh hanging in the balance. The situation has left a significant impact on the country’s political landscape, with ongoing tensions and speculation about her possible return and the future direction of Bangladeshi politics.

Controversies and Criticisms

Criticisms Regarding Authoritarianism and Human Rights Issues

Sheikh Hasina’s long tenure as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh has been marked by significant controversies, particularly concerning allegations of authoritarianism and human rights violations. Critics have accused her government of stifling democratic institutions, curtailing civil liberties, and engaging in widespread repression of political dissent. Under her leadership, there have been numerous reports of enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and torture of political opponents and activists. Human rights organizations, both domestic and international, have frequently condemned these actions, highlighting a shrinking space for free expression and political opposition in Bangladesh.

Hasina’s administration has also faced criticism for its handling of the judiciary, with accusations of politicizing the legal system to target opponents. The use of legal tools, such as the controversial Digital Security Act, has been cited as a means to silence critics, journalists, and social media users. This has led to a chilling effect on free speech, with many fearing persecution for expressing dissenting opinions.

Responses to Accusations of Suppressing Opposition

In response to these criticisms, Sheikh Hasina and her government have often defended their actions as necessary measures to maintain national security and stability. The Prime Minister has frequently pointed to the threat of terrorism, particularly from Islamist extremist groups, as a justification for her government’s tough stance. She has argued that strong and decisive leadership is crucial in preventing the destabilization of the country and that her actions have been in the best interest of Bangladesh’s security and development.

Hasina has also dismissed allegations of election rigging and authoritarianism, claiming that her electoral victories reflect the genuine will of the people. Her administration has maintained that the opposition’s failures are due to their own lack of public support and internal disarray, rather than government repression. Despite widespread criticism, Hasina has remained steadfast in her belief that her leadership has been instrumental in guiding Bangladesh towards economic growth and political stability.

Perspective on Media Freedom and Freedom of Expression

Media freedom and freedom of expression have been contentious issues during Sheikh Hasina’s tenure. Journalists and media outlets in Bangladesh have often faced severe restrictions, with the government accused of exerting control over both state-owned and private media. Reports of intimidation, censorship, and harassment of journalists are commonplace, leading to a climate of fear and self-censorship within the press.

Hasina’s government has justified these actions by citing the need to combat misinformation, hate speech, and threats to national security. However, critics argue that these measures are disproportionately used to suppress legitimate criticism and dissent. The introduction of the Digital Security Act has been particularly controversial, as it allows for the prosecution of individuals for online content deemed to be against the state’s interests. This law has been widely criticized for being vague and overly broad, leading to the arrest of numerous journalists, activists, and ordinary citizens for expressing their views.

Despite these challenges, some media outlets and journalists continue to operate independently, often at great personal risk. The ongoing struggle for press freedom in Bangladesh remains a significant point of contention between Hasina’s government and its critics, reflecting broader concerns about the state of democracy and human rights in the country.

Conclusion & FAQs

Sheikh Hasina’s tenure as Prime Minister of Bangladesh has been marked by a blend of remarkable achievements and profound controversies. Under her leadership, Bangladesh has experienced significant economic growth, infrastructural development, and social progress. Hasina’s government has been credited with lifting millions out of poverty, improving health and education standards, and advancing women’s rights. Her leadership in providing refuge to the Rohingya refugees and her efforts in international diplomacy have also been widely acknowledged.

Hasina’s leadership style has been characterized by a strong, often uncompromising approach. Her ability to navigate complex political landscapes, both domestically and internationally, has allowed her to maintain power for an extended period. However, this same leadership style has also drawn criticism for its authoritarian tendencies and the suppression of political opposition.

Sheikh Hasina’s legacy is a complex one. On one hand, she is celebrated as a nation-builder who has played a pivotal role in transforming Bangladesh into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. On the other hand, her tenure has raised significant concerns about the state of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law in the country. The controversies surrounding her governance have left a deep imprint on Bangladesh’s political landscape, with lasting implications for its democratic institutions.

Looking ahead, the future challenges for Hasina and her party are significant. The growing discontent among the populace, the demands for greater democratic freedoms, and the increasing pressure from international human rights organizations present formidable obstacles. Additionally, managing the delicate balance between economic development and safeguarding civil liberties will be crucial for Bangladesh’s continued progress.

Sheikh Hasina’s role as a nation-builder is undeniable. Her contributions to Bangladesh’s economic and social development have been substantial, and her leadership has helped steer the country through numerous challenges. However, her legacy will be judged not only by her achievements but also by the manner in which she wielded power. As Bangladesh moves forward, the lessons from Hasina’s tenure will be vital in shaping a more inclusive, democratic, and prosperous future for the nation. Whether viewed as a strong leader who secured Bangladesh’s place on the global stage or as an authoritarian figure who curtailed freedoms, Sheikh Hasina’s impact on Bangladesh is both profound and enduring.

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